Puas yog hlau hlau tiag tiag?

Stainless hlauMuaj koob meej rau nws lub zog, durability, thiab kuj mus rau corrosion, ua rau nws cov khoom siv uas nyiam tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam ua zaub mov noj rau aerospace. Txawm li cas los xij, ib nqe lus nug ntau zuj zus:Puas yog hlau hlau tiag tiag?Nkag siab txog qhov porosity ntawm stainless hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb, raws li nws muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab haum rau kev nyiam huv sidiene- rhiab rau kev siv. Cov ntawv no tshawb txog lub tswv yim ntawm porosity, qhov xwm ntawm stainless hlau, thiab cov xwm txheej twg hauv qab uas muaj kev sib tw tuaj yeem tshwm sim.

1. Tas Tus Porosity

1.1 Porosity yog dab tsi?

Porosityyog cov cuab yeej siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam uas piav qhia lub xub ntiag ntawm voids lossis pores nyob rau hauv cov qauv khoom. Cov voids tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau ntawm ame meNPLAI (Micropores<2 nm) or macroscopicNplai (pom cov kab noj hniav). Porosity cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb xws li:

Ceev: Porosity ntau dua txo cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom siv.

Neeg Kho Tshuab Muaj Zog: Voids ua raws li kev ntxhov siab cov kev ntxhov siab, txo cov tensile, compressive, thiab dag zog.

Permeability: Qhib cov kab mob tso cai rau cov kua lossis roj av kom dhau, cuam tshuam kev pom, diffusion, thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg.

Thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity: Pagees cuam tshuam rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom, txo kev ua haujlwm.

Porosity tshwm sim nyob rau ze li yuav luag txhua yam ntuj thiab engineered cov ntaub ntawv, los ntawmPob Zeb thiab CeramicsrauCov hlau thiab polymersCov. Nws tsim tautxhob txwm ua(Xws li hauv cov khoom siv hlau lossis cov ntaub ntawv sib dhos) lossistsis txhob txwm uaVim vim kev tsim kev lag luam tsis xws luag, ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab, lossis tshuaj lom neeg.

1.2 hom porosity

Porosity yog cais raws li kev sib txuas thiab qhov chaw ntawm voids:

Qhib Porosity

Kev piav txog: Cov hws ua tau sib txuas nrog thiab sib txuas lus nrog cov khoom seem.

Cuam tshuam: Tso kua dej lossis roj infiltration; tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov ntawv thov lim pom tab sis kev cuam tshuam rau corrosion tsis kam.

Tus yam ntxwv: Sintered Hlau Lim siv hauv kev siv tshuaj lom tau tswj hwm qhib porosity.

Kaw Porosity

Kev piav txog: Pores yog cais thiab tsis txuas rau saum npoo.

Cuam tshuam: Txo kev kub ceev tsis muaj kev vam meej nce zuj zus; feem ntau muaj kev nyab xeeb rau corrosion tsis kam.

Tus yam ntxwv: Kaw {- cell hlau ua npuas ncauj siv rau lub teeb ci ntsa iab.

Intergranular porosity

Kev piav txog: Pores daim ntawv raws thaj tsam zeb hauv cov khoom siv.

Ua: Kev txias txias, impurities, lossis sib cais ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy.

Nyhuv rau cov hlau: Tuaj yeem ua raws li cov chaw rau kev ua xeb lossis tawg.

Tus yam ntxwv: Porosity raws weld kab hauv stainless hlau tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ua haujlwm hauv zos.

Micropority vs. Macroporosity

Kev Microspority: Pores<1 µm; often invisible to the naked eye but significant for fatigue and corrosion.

Lub tsev loj tshab: Pores >50 μm; Yooj yim pom thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev tsim muaj zog tsis muaj zog.

1.3 ntsuas thiab kom muaj nuj nqis

Yog qhov tseeb nrhiav tau thiab kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm porosity yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauvhigh - Kev Siv Cov Kev SivCov. Ntau txoj hauv kev:

Porgosity Quantification yog feem ntau qhia raws li aFeem pua ​​ntawm tag nrho cov ntimNtawm cov khoom siv:

Porosity (%)=ntim ntawm cov khoom siv porestotal ntim {

1.4 Ua rau Porosity hauv cov hlau

Pority hauv cov hlau, suav nrog cov hlau stainless, tuaj yeem pib los ntawm ntau qhov chaw:

Casting thiab Solerification

Cov pa nkag los yog shrinkage thaum lub sijhawm sib sau ua rau kev tsim kom muaj kev sib xyaw.

Sai sai txias yuav ntxiab microscopic npuas hauv cov hlau matrix.

Vuam thiab koom nrog cov txheej txheem

Hydrogen, Oxygen, lossis Nitrogen yaj nyob rau hauv cov ntses pas dej Molten Aloplles uas solorify rau hauv pores.

Kev tiv thaiv cov kev tiv thaiv cov roj av tsis muaj kuab

Hmoov metallurgy thiab additive manufacturing

Tsis tiav Sintering lossis tsis sib xws melting hauv cov txheej txheem ntxiv tsim micro - voids.

Hmoov zoo thiab particle loj faib ua rau cuam tshuam ntau ntau ntau cov qib.

Kev kis tau ib puag ncig ib puag ncig

Corrosive tshuaj lom neeg lossis chloride - Cov dej nplua nuj tuaj yeem tsim cov kab ke hauv nroog zoo li qub.

High - dej sov tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm void tsim hauv cov hlau ntxhov siab.

1.5 kev cuam tshuam ntawm porosity

Porosity tau ncaj qha rau kev rau txim rauneeg kho tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg thiab ua haujlwm:

Mechanical Connection

Pores txo qis tus ntoo khaublig -} seem, txo qisTensile thiab Compressive Lub Zog.

Pores ua raws li cov chaw pib ua haujlwm, txo qis lub neej.

Corrosion Cwj Pwm

Qhib pores tso cai rau kev nkag mus rau ntawm ya raws thiab corrosive ions, accelerating nyob rau hauv lub zos corrosion zoo lipitting los yog crevice corrosion.

Cov Kev Siv Huv

Cov hws tuaj yeem txua cov kab mob, tshuaj lom neeg, lossis khib nyiab.

Tsis - peem qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb hauvCov Khoom Noj Khoom Noj, Khoom Siv Kho Mob, thiab Khoom Siv Tshuaj.

Thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity

Pores cuam tshuam rau kev ntws ntawm cov cua sov thiab hluav taws xob, muaj feem txo cov kev hloov kho hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cua sov.

1.6 Cov piv txwv hauv kev lag luam

Muaj Ntaub Ntawv:

Kev Kawm Kev Kawm:Nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm 316L stainless hlau rau aerospace, porior qib ntawm 0.2-0.5% tau pom. Kev tsim kho lub zog laser thiab scan ceev porosity, ua kom lub zog tensile thiab qaug zog ua tau zoo.

Kawm ntxiv:Nkag siab Porosity: lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv science

1.7 cov ntsiab lus

Porosity yog aCov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceebnrog kev cuam tshuam dav rauMechanical zog, corrosion tsis kam, thiab tu cevCov. Thaum txhua cov ntaub ntawv muaj qee qib ntawm voids, tsim nyog tsim thiab tswj tau zoo tuaj yeemtsawg kawg porosityHauv cov hlau stainless thiab lwm yam hlau. Nkag siab porosity {{} nws hom, ntsuas, ua rau, thiab muaj txim rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv tau thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsigntev -} sij hawm reliabilityhauv kev thov cov ntawv thov.

2. Qhov xwm ntawm stainless hlau

2.1 muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv

Stainless hlau yog ib qho kev ua ntawmHlau (FE), nrogchromium (cr)Raws li qhov tseem ceeb sib txuam (tsawg kawg 10.5%). Lwm cov ntsiab lus, xws linpib tsib caug (ni), Molybdenum (mo), manganese (mn), silicon (si), thiab qee zaumcarbon (c), ntxiv ntxiv kom txhim kho cov khoom siv txhua yam, corrosion tsis kam, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.

Tuschromium cov ntsiab lusyog tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb vim tias nws tsim anyias, passive chromium oxide (cr₂o₃) txheejsaum npoo. Cov txheej no ua kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv oxygen thiab noo noo los ntawm kev ncav cuag cov hlau hauv qab, uas yog vim li cas stainless hlau yog siab tiv taus thiab xeb.

Lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ua tau txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb:

Npib tsib caug (ni): Txav ruaj khov cov qauv Austenic, nce kev nruj thiab ducances, thiab txhim kho kom corrosion nyob rau hauv acidic ib puag ncig.

Molybdenum (mo): Ncos pitting thiab crevice corrosion kuj, tshwj xeeb hauv chloride - kev nplua nuj ib puag ncig.

Carbon (c): Nce hardness thiab muaj zog hauv Martensitic Stainless hlau tab sis ntau cov pa roj carressitation, uas tuaj yeem txo corrosion tsis kam.

Qhov kev sib txuam ua ke no txiav txim siabkev tsim, Cov Khoom Siv Neeg Kho Tshuab, thiabKuj rau porosityNyob rau hauv cov khoom lag luam tiav stainless hlau.

Cov lus 1: Qhov raug rau ib txwm muaj stainless hlau qib (% los ntawm qhov hnyav)

2.2 microstructure thiab phacees

Microstructure ntawm stainless hlau txiav txim siab rau ob qhoMechanical Cwj Pwmthiab nwskev ntxim siab rau porosityCov. Stainless hlau tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ntau tus qauv txheej txheem:

Austenitic Stainless Hlau

Ntsej muag -} Chaw Sau Lus (FCC)Crystal qauv.

Tsis - sib nqus, sib nqus corrosion, thiab kev nyuaj ntawm tsawg kub.

Cov qib kawm:304, 316.

Daim ntawv thov: Khoom noj khoom noj, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg siv tshuaj.

Ferritic Stainless Hlau

Lub cev -} Chaw Sau Npe (BCC)Crystal qauv.

Sib nqus, nruab nrab corrosion tsis kam, zoo tsis kam rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg.

Cov qib kawm: 430, 446.

Daim Ntawv Thov: Automotive Qhov, Chav Ua Noj Mov.

Martensitic Stainless Hlau

Tuaj yeem ua tau nyuaj los ntawmKev Kho Cua Sov.

Sib nqus, lub zog zoo thiab hnav tsis kam tab sis qis corrosion tsis yog li antenitic.

Qeb: 410, 420.

Daim Ntawv Thov: Txiav cov cuab yeej, li qub, shafts.

Duplex Stainless Hlau

Sib xyaw ntawmAustenitic thiab Ferritic theem (~50/50).

PubLub zog siab dua, zoo heev tiv taus rauKev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg, thiab kev ntsuas zoo dua.

Cov qib kawm: 2205, 2507.

Daim ntawv thov: Offshore roj platform, tshuaj tso tsheb hlau hlau, kev sib pauv cua sov.

Nas Hau Zog -} tawv stainless hlau

Cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj los ntawmKev Kho Mob Laus, txhim kho lub zog thaum tswj hwm corrosion tsis kam.

Daim ntawv thov: Aerospace cov khoom sib xyaw, siab - kev ua tiav li qub.

Tusqoob ntais lojthiabtheem faibHauv cov microstructures ncaj qha rau kev tsim ntawm microscopic voids lossis pores. Piv txwv li,tsis xwm yeem txias thaum lub ntsej muaglossisTsis tiav Sintering hauv Additive Raugtuaj yeem tsim micro - porosity, txawm nyob hauv austenitic steel.

2.3 Cov yam ntxwv saum npoo av

Qhov saum npoo ntawm stainless hlau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws qhov kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig thiab kev phem rau porosity:

Passivation txheej:Ib txwm tswj oxide txheej tiv thaiv kev xeb. Thickness: ~ 1-2 nanometers, tab sis nws tus kheej- hehy yog tias kos.

Daj Roughness:Cov nplaim thaiv ntxhib tuaj yeem tso cua lossis kua dej, muab qhov tsis pom kev ntawm porosity. Cov tiav du tag txo kev pheej hmoo yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo.

Kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob:Ib txoj hauv kev kom tshem tawm micro - peaks, ua kom haum corrosion thiab txo cov porosion pom tseeb.

Rooj 2: Nto Ua tiav thiab cov ntawv thov

2.4 lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov hlau stainless hauv comporosity tsim

Txawm tias stainless hlau feem ntau tsis yog - porous, tej yam kev mob tuaj yeem ua rau micro- porosity:

Additive Raug (Luam Ntawv)

Xaiv Laser Melting (SLM) yuav ntxov roj av, tsim micro - voids.

Vuam thiab Casting

Roj npuas thaum lub sij hawm Molten hlau solidification tuaj yeem tsim cov hws me me.

Corrosion lossis ib puag ncig kis

Chlorides, acids, los yog siab {- qhov kub txheej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog pev pass {{1} porosity.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias316L stainless hlau ntswj ntawm SMYuav muaj ntau qib txheeb ze nruab nrab ntawm0.1% thiab 0.5%, nyob ntawm laser tsis thiab hmoov zoo. Cov hws no feem ntau yog microscopic (1-50 μm) thiab tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv ntau yam yog tias tau tswj hwm.

Cov Lus 3: Cov Porosity nruj heev hauv Stainless Hlau Los Ntawm Kev Raug Manufacturing

3. Puas yog stainless hlau ntxig?

3.1 Qhov tsis - porous porous xwm

Nyob rau hauv nwsntuj thiab tsim tsa lub xeev, stainless hlau tau dav tsam raws litsis - porousCov. Qhov no yog vim nwsnthav atomic qauvThiab tusKev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Txhim Kho Oxide TxheejCov foos ntawd nthawv rau ntawm nws qhov chaw.

Dight piv cov qauv:Cov atoms hauv cov hlau stainless yog nruj nreem ntim, tawm yuav luag tsis muaj chaw rau cov kua lossis roj av nkag mus.

Chromium oxide txheej:Qhov nyias nyias, feem ntau 1-2 nanometers tuab) yuav luag tam sim ntawd nyob rau hauv muaj cov pa. Txheej notus kheej -} hoodsYog tias cov khawb me me tshwm sim, tswj cov tsis {{0} porosity.

Vim tias cov yam ntxwv no, stainless hlau yog qhov dav nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas xav taukev tu cev, durability, thiab kev tawm tsam mus rau paug, xws li:

Kev Kho Mob Tshab

Cov Khoom Siv Ua Khoom Noj

Kws tsim khoom lag luam

Dej Tshuaj Kho Thiab Desalination Systems

Txawm tias tom qab siv sijhawm ntevKev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj, Stainless hlau tsis tshua muaj nuj nqis qhov tseeb porosity. Ib qho chaw twg tsis xwm yeem feem ntauCov me me, tsis qhib pores.

3.2 yam uas tuaj yeem qhia Porosity

Thaum stainless hlau yog feem ntau tsis yog - porous, ob peb yam tuaj yeem ua raumicro {{0} porosity} porosity:

3.2.1 kev tsim khoom tsis xws luag

Casting, vuam, thiab additive manufacturingtuaj yeem qhia cov voids me me:

Casting tej yam tsis zoo:Kev txias tsis huv lossis roj rau lwm tus tuaj yeem ua rau cov hws me me hauv cov khoom siv.

Vuam pores:Sai sai txias, hydrogen qhov tsis huv, lossis flux cov seem tuaj yeem tsim cov roj hnab ris hauv pob.

Ntxiv kev tsim khoom:Cov tswv yim zoo liXaiv Laser Melting (SLM)lossisHluav Taws Xob Beamting (EBM)Thov cov khoom siv roj av, tsim cov vouchhopic (1-50 μm).

Piv txwv li: Hauv 316L stainless hlau coj ua los ntawm SLOS, qhov ntsuas Porosity muaj lub zog hauv ib cheeb tsam muaj zog yog tswj tsis tau.

3.2.2 Kev kis ib puag ncig ib puag ncig

Corrosive ib puag ncigtuaj yeem tso tseg qhov tsis - porous xwm:

Chloride - Cov Dej nplua nuj:Ua rau pitting corrosion uas zoo li cov hws me me.

Cov tshuaj acidic:Tuaj yeem tsoo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxide txheej hauv zos.

High - kub chav dej:Ua kom nrawm oxide txheej txheej, qee zaum tsim cov voids hauv cov hlau matrix.

3.2.3 Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob

Cov hmoov txawv teb chaws lossis cov hmoov uas tseem ceeb los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem tsimCov me me khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob khoobCov. Cov suav no tuaj yeem ua raws liKev ntxhov siab ntxhov siab, qhov porosity no muaj nyob hauv qab txhua yam lossis cua sov kev ntxhov siab.

3.3 Ntes pom porosity nyob rau hauv stainless hlau

Cov txuj ci siab ua cov cuab yeej ua lag luam thiab cov kws tshawb fawb rauntsuas thiab ntau yam porosity, kom tau cov khoom zoo:

Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawbqhia tau hais tias txawm siab - zoo stainless hlau qee zaum muajMotecopic Kaw Pores(~ 0.01-0.05%), uas feem ntau uatsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb cov thaj chawTab sis tej zaum yuav tseem ceeb rau hauvKev mob kho mob lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

3.4 Porosity los ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm

Txawm tsawg kawg porosity tuaj yeem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv qee cov xwm txheej:

Neeg Kho Tshuab Muaj Zog

Voids txoPib hla kev - ntu ntu, txo tensile lub zog.

Piv txwv: micro - porosity nyob rau hauv cam hlau steel muaj peev xwm txo cov txiaj ntsig lub zog los ntawm 2-5% nyob ntawm qhov loj thiab faib.

Corrosion Kuj

Pores los yog suav ua raws li cov chaw rauzos corrosion.

Chloride ions feem ntau nkag rau cov kab tseem ceeb me me, ua raupitting corrosion, kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb hauv dej hiav txwv lossis cov nroj tsuag tshuaj lom neeg.

Cov Kev Siv Huv

Pores, txawm tias microcopic, tuaj yeem nresCov kab mob thiab cov organic seem.

Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, dej haus, lossis kws tshuaj, txawm tias qhov kev tsis sib luag kom tsis muaj menyuam yaus.

Qaug zog thiab kev ntxhov siab tsis kam

Rov ua dua cov neeg kho tshuab kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem ua rauKev nthuav tawm tawg los ntawm pores, muaj peev xwm ua rau thaum ntxov ua tsis tiav hauv high -} kev thov kev lag luam.

3.5 Porosity hauv kev sib txawv ntawm cov hom hlau stainless

Cov lus no piv txwv ntawdTsoos Tsoo Wrought Stainless Hlauyog qhov tseem ceeb tsis - porous, thaum muaj tej yamCov hau kev tsim khoom ntxivYuav qhia cov qog me me tab sis tswj tau porosity.

3.6 kev tshawb fawb

Kev Kawm Kev Kawm 1: Kev Siv Tshuaj Khom Me

316L stainless hlau siv nyob rau hauv Orthopedic kev cog lus yuav tsum yogzoo tsis - porouslos tiv thaiv cov kab mob hnyuv.

Kev tshawb fawb pom Porior ntau dua 0.1% tau nce tus kab mob thiab txo qis lub neej rog.

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Kawm 2: Tshuaj Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam

Duplex Stainless Hlau Tso Tsheb Hlau Luam Rau Hydrochloric Acid Cia Khoom Tso Caiporosity heev (<0.03%), qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv pitting corrosion ntau xyoo lawm ntawm kev pabcuam.

Kev Kawm Kev Kawm 3: Cov Khoom Sib Txawv Ntxiv

Aerospace qhov chaw luam tawm nrog 316L ntawm SM qhia 0.2-0.5% porosity.

Txhim Kho NtawmLub zog laser, ntsuas nrawm, thiab hmoov zooTxo pores thiab ua kom pom tseeb kev ua haujlwm sib piv rau cov khoom siv tau.

3.7 Mitigating Porosity

Txawm tias thaum micro - porosity muaj, engineers tuaj yeem ua kauj ruam rautxo nws cov kev cuam tshuam:

Txheej txheem optimization

Tswj cov nqi txias thaum lub sij hawm ua lossis laser tsis muaj nyob hauv SLM.

Post - Ua cov kev kho mob

Kub iSostatic nias (hip) tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov hws sab hauv hauv nrum lossis cov khoom sib ntxiv.

Nto Kho

Kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob lossis cov neeg hla kev tshem tawm cov xwm txheej tsis xwm yeem thiab txhim kho kev txhim kho corrosion.

Kev kuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua

Tsis - Kev sim ua kom paub thaum ntxov paub thiab hloov ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.

3.8 Cov Ntsiab Lus

Stainless hlau, nyob rau hauv dav dav, yogtsis - porousCov. NwsNtuab Microstructure, ua ke nrog aSELF -} kho cov chromium oxide txheej, ua kom paub meej txog kev tshaj tawm tsawg heev rau roj av lossis kua dej. Txawm li cas los xij,kev tsim qauv, ib puag ncig raug, thiab impuritiestuaj yeem ua kom paub micro {{0} porosity.

Tsoos Tsoo Wrought Stainless Hlau: Qhov tseem ceeb tsis - porous (<0.01%).

Ntxiv Kev Lag Luam: Micro - porosity mus txog 0.5%, tswj tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem txhim kho.

Ib puag ncig lossis kev ua haujlwm hnyav: Tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua kom mob corrosion uas tsis muaj peev xwm porosity.

Nkag siab lubXwm, ntsuas kev ntsuas, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm porosityyog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv txoj cai ntawm tus qauv ntawm tus kheej thiab kev tsim khoom, tshwj xeeb yog rauDaim ntawv thov tseem ceebHauv kev kho mob, zaub mov noj, tshuaj, thiab aerospace kev lag luam.

Cov Lus Nug

Q1: Puas tuaj yeem nqus tau cov hlau ua ke dhau sijhawm?

A1: Yog lawm, yog raug rau corrosive ib puag ncig lossis raug rau cov txheej txheem tsis tsim nyog, stainless hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho porosity.

Q2: Puas yog txhua tus stainless hlau tsis - porous?

A2: Thaum Stainless hlau feem ntau tsis yog {{1} porous, tej qib kawm lossis cov xwm txheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas ntsoog.

Q3: Kuv tuaj yeem ua li cas thiaj tiv thaiv porosity hauv stainless hlau?

A3: Ua kom cov kev tsim kev tsim khoom tsim nyog, thov kev kho mob hauv qab, thiab ua kev tshuaj xyuas ib txwm tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv porosity.

Q4: Hnyeeb puas cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm stainless hlau?

A4: Yog, Porosity tuaj yeem txo cov mechanical zog ntawm stainless hlau, ua rau nws raug rau kev cuam tshuam tau rau kev ntxhov siab.

Q5: Porosity yuav kho?

A5: Porosity me me tuaj yeem hais daws los ntawm kev kho mob saum npoo lossis vuam kho vaj tse, tab sis dav dav yuav xav hloov ntawm cov khoom muaj cuam tshuam.